Polonnaruwa

Polonnaruwa, located in Sri Lanka, is an ancient city that holds great historical and architectural importance. It served as the capital of Sri Lanka during the 11th and 12th centuries, under the reign of the Chola dynasty and later the Sinhalese kings.

Polonnaruwa is recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, reflecting its outstanding universal value as a cultural and historical site. It was inscribed in 1982 due to its well-preserved archaeological remains and its role as a capital city during a significant period in Sri Lankan history. Polonnaruwa showcases remarkable architectural achievements. The most iconic structure is the Royal Palace complex, which consists of multiple buildings, including the Audience Hall, Council Chamber, and King’s Quarters.

Polonnaruwa is home to several religious structures, such as the Gal Vihara, a collection of four Buddha statues carved out of a single granite rock. The Cholas, who ruled Polonnaruwa for a period, left behind significant Hindu temples. The Shiva Devale No. 2 and the Siva Devale No. 1 are two notable temples dedicated to Lord Shiva.

Polonnaruwa boasts an intricate network of ancient irrigation systems, including large reservoirs and canals. These systems, such as the Parakrama Samudra (Sea of Parakrama), were crucial for agriculture and water management during the city’s heyday.

Visitors can explore the various structures and gain a deep understanding of the city’s layout, urban planning, and architectural diversity. The park provides a glimpse into the grandeur and sophistication of the ancient city.

Table of Contents

• King Parakramabahu Palace
• Dalada Maluwa
• Nissanka Latha Mandapaya
• Pothgul Viharaya (Aniciant Library)
• Alahana Pirivena
• Gal Viharaya
• Rankoth Vehara
• Medirigiriya Vatadageya
• Nelum Pokuna
• Gal Potha stone inscription (Stone Book)
• Sathmahal Prasada
• Siva Devalaya No. 1 of Polonnaruwa
• Siva Devalaya No. 2 of Polonnaruwa
• Archaeological Museum

King Parakramabahu Palace

The palace is situated in the northeastern part of the ancient city. It covers a large area, indicating the grandeur and importance of the royal residence. The palace complex consists of multiple buildings, halls, and chambers, arranged in a strategic manner.

Architectural Features: The King Parakramabahu Palace exhibits impressive architectural features that reflect the artistic and engineering skills of the time. The structures are made of brick and stone, with intricate carvings and decorative elements. The palace showcases a blend of Sinhalese and South Indian architectural styles.

Audience Hall: The most prominent structure within the palace complex is the Audience Hall (Vijayothpaya). It is a large raised platform with rows of finely carved stone columns, which supported a wooden roof. The Audience Hall was the place where the king held audiences with his subjects, conducted official ceremonies, and received foreign dignitaries.

Royal Quarters: The palace complex also housed the private quarters of the king, known as the King’s Quarters. These chambers included living spaces, bedrooms, and other facilities that catered to the needs of the royal family. The design and layout of the King’s Quarters showcased the luxurious lifestyle of the king and his entourage.

Water Management: The King Parakramabahu Palace complex featured an advanced water management system. It had a sophisticated network of tanks, canals, and reservoirs that ensured a steady water supply for the palace and the surrounding areas.

Visiting the King Parakramabahu Palace in Polonnaruwa allows visitors to appreciate the architectural brilliance of the ancient kingdom and gain insights into the royal lifestyle of that era. It stands as a testament to the grandeur and sophistication of the Polonnaruwa civilization and is a significant heritage site that contributes to our understanding of Sri Lanka’s rich history.

Dalada Maluwa

The Vatadageya is a significant architectural structure and a Buddhist shrine located within the ancient city of Polonnaruwa in Sri Lanka.

Location and Purpose: The Vatadageya is situated in the Quadrangle area of the ancient city of Polonnaruwa. It is believed to have been constructed during the reign of King Parakramabahu the Great (1153-1186 AD). The Vatadageya served as a protective enclosure for a sacred relic, possibly a tooth relic of the Buddha or another significant Buddhist relic.

Architectural Design: The Vatadageya follows a circular design, which is a unique feature of Sri Lankan architecture during that era. It is a small building with a circular platform surrounded by a concentric row of stone pillars. The outermost row of pillars is adorned with exquisitely carved stone guardstones (muragalas). The entrance to the Vatadageya is through a stone staircase.

Decorative Elements: The Vatadageya is adorned with intricate stone carvings, depicting various symbols, figures, and mythical creatures. The carvings include lotus motifs, meditating Buddhas, guardian deities, and other decorative elements. These carvings showcase the artistic and architectural skills of the ancient Sri Lankan craftsmen.

Relic House: At the center of the circular platform, there is a small shrine known as the relic house. It is believed to have once housed the sacred relic.

Spiritual Significance: The Vatadageya is considered a sacred site by Buddhists and holds religious and historical significance. It represents an important place of worship and devotion for Buddhists in Sri Lanka. Visitors often offer prayers, make offerings, and engage in religious rituals at the Vatadageya.

The Vatadageya, also known as the Dalada Maluwa, is an architectural marvel that reflects the rich Buddhist heritage and the artistic achievements of ancient Sri Lanka. It stands as a testament to the skill and craftsmanship of the period and continues to be a revered site of pilgrimage and cultural interest.

Nissanka Latha Mandapaya

Location and Purpose: The Nissanka Latha Mandapaya is situated in the Quadrangle area of Polonnaruwa, close to the Rankot Vihara stupa. It was constructed during the reign of King Nissanka Malla (1187-1196 AD) and is believed to have served as an assembly hall or a place for religious gatherings.

Architectural Design: The Nissanka Latha Mandapaya is a raised platform with elaborately carved stone pillars. The platform is rectangular in shape and has a flight of steps leading to it. The pillars are adorned with intricate carvings of various floral motifs, including the lotus, vine, and liana patterns. The roof of the structure is no longer present, but it is believed to have been made of wood or other perishable materials.

Decorative Elements: The highlight of the Nissanka Latha Mandapaya is its intricate stone carvings. The pillars feature exquisite detailing, including intricate scrollwork, foliage, and mythical creatures. The carvings showcase the skill and craftsmanship of ancient Sri Lankan artisans.

Historical Significance: The Nissanka Latha Mandapaya is considered a significant historical and architectural site in Polonnaruwa. It represents the artistic and cultural achievements of the Polonnaruwa civilization and provides insights into the religious and social practices of the time.

Visiting the Nissanka Latha Mandapaya allows visitors to appreciate the intricate stone carvings and architectural grandeur of the ancient city of Polonnaruwa. It stands as a testament to the rich history and cultural heritage of Sri Lanka and continues to be a popular attraction for tourists and history enthusiasts.

Pothgul Viharaya (Aniciant Library)

Location: The Pothgul Viharaya is situated within the Quadrangle area of the ancient city of Polonnaruwa. It is located near the Rankot Vihara and the Nissanka Latha Mandapaya.

Purpose and History: The Pothgul Viharaya is believed to have been a library or a repository of ancient Buddhist texts during the Polonnaruwa Kingdom. It was likely a center for Buddhist scholarship and education.

Architectural Features: The Pothgul Viharaya consists of a rectangular-shaped building with a raised platform. The structure is made of stone, and the entrance is marked by a stone doorway. The walls of the building are adorned with intricate carvings, depicting various decorative motifs, floral patterns, and mythological figures.

Relic Chamber: Inside the Pothgul Viharaya, there is a small relic chamber that is thought to have housed sacred Buddhist relics. The chamber has a stone slab with a central hole, possibly used for securing the relic casket.

Historical Significance: The Pothgul Viharaya is considered an important archaeological site that sheds light on the intellectual and educational pursuits of the ancient Polonnaruwa Kingdom. It provides insight into the advanced level of knowledge and learning that existed during that time.

Visiting the Pothgul Viharaya allows visitors to witness the remnants of an ancient library and appreciate the architectural and historical significance of the Polonnaruwa Kingdom. It serves as a reminder of the intellectual and cultural heritage of the period and offers glimpses into the Buddhist traditions and scholarly pursuits of ancient Sri Lanka.

Alahana Pirivena

Location: Alahana Pirivena is situated in the southern part of the ancient city of Polonnaruwa, close to the Alahana Parivena Stupa and the Gal Vihara.

Historical Significance: Alahana Pirivena was established during the Polonnaruwa Kingdom and served as a prominent center for monastic education and learning. It played a vital role in the dissemination and preservation of Buddhist teachings and scholarship during that time.

Role as a Monastic Complex: Alahana Pirivena functioned as a residential monastery for Buddhist monks, providing them with accommodation and facilities for meditation, study, and religious practices. It was a place where monks received education, engaged in spiritual practices, and contributed to the religious and intellectual development of the period.

Architectural Features: The architectural remains at Alahana Pirivena include several buildings, stupas, and other structures. The remains suggest the presence of a large complex with multiple structures, including living quarters for monks, meditation halls, libraries, and possibly lecture halls.

Ruins and Restoration: Over the centuries, Alahana Pirivena fell into ruin and was covered by vegetation. However, restoration efforts have been undertaken to preserve and protect the site. Visitors can explore the remnants of the ancient monastery and gain insights into its past glory and significance.

Archaeological Exploration: Archaeological excavations at Alahana Pirivena have unearthed various artifacts, including stone sculptures, inscriptions, and pottery fragments, which provide valuable insights into the history, culture, and religious practices of the Polonnaruwa Kingdom.

Visiting Alahana Pirivena allows visitors to experience the serene and historical atmosphere of an ancient Buddhist monastery. It offers a glimpse into the spiritual and intellectual pursuits of the Polonnaruwa era and provides an opportunity to appreciate the cultural and religious heritage of Sri Lanka.

Gal Viharaya

Location: The Gal Viharaya is situated in the northern part of the Quadrangle area in Polonnaruwa, close to the Alahana Pirivena and the Royal Palace complex.

Architectural Highlights: The Gal Viharaya comprises four Buddha statues carved out of a single granite rock face. Each statue represents a different posture of the Buddha:

a. Standing Buddha: The largest statue at the Gal Viharaya is a standing Buddha statue, measuring about 7 meters in height. The Buddha is depicted with a serene expression and is adorned with intricate details.

b. Seated Buddha: There are two seated Buddha statues, one in the Dhyana Mudra (meditation pose) and the other in the Samadhi Mudra (deep concentration pose). These statues showcase the artistry and skill of the ancient sculptors.

c. Reclining Buddha: The smallest statue at the Gal Viharaya is a reclining Buddha statue, depicting the Buddha during his final moments before attaining parinirvana (nirvana after death).

Sculptural Detailing: The Buddha statues at the Gal Viharaya exhibit remarkable craftsmanship and artistic excellence. They feature delicate facial expressions, intricate hair patterns, and flowing robes that accentuate the serene beauty of the sculptures.

Spiritual Significance: The Gal Viharaya holds immense spiritual significance for Buddhists. It serves as a place of worship and contemplation, where devotees and visitors can pay their respects, meditate, and reflect on the teachings of Buddhism.

Visiting the Gal Viharaya in Polonnaruwa allows visitors to witness the exceptional rock-cut sculptures and experience the peaceful ambiance of the ancient temple complex. It stands as a testament to the artistic achievements of the Polonnaruwa civilization and serves as a significant pilgrimage site for Buddhists while offering a glimpse into the rich cultural heritage of Sri Lanka.

Rankoth Vehara

Location: Rankoth Vihara is situated in the Quadrangle area of the ancient city of Polonnaruwa. It is one of the prominent landmarks in the archaeological site.

Architecture: Rankoth Vihara is a large stupa built during the Polonnaruwa period. It stands at a height of approximately 55 meters (180 feet) and is considered one of the tallest stupas in Sri Lanka. The stupa features a bell-shaped dome, known as a “vatadage,” which is a characteristic architectural element of the era. The dome is surrounded by a circular terrace, and the base of the stupa is decorated with stone carvings and moonstones.

Historical Significance: Rankoth Vihara was constructed during the reign of King Nissanka Malla (1187-1196 AD) and is believed to have been built to enshrine relics of the Buddha. It holds religious and historical significance and is considered a sacred site for Buddhists.

Pilgrimage Site: Rankoth Vihara is a popular pilgrimage site where Buddhists come to pay their respects, offer prayers, and engage in religious activities. The stupa holds spiritual significance and is believed to bring blessings and merit to those who visit and engage in devotional practices.

Conservation Efforts: Rankoth Vihara has undergone restoration and conservation efforts to preserve its historical and architectural importance. The stupa has been maintained and protected to ensure its longevity and cultural heritage.

Visiting Rankoth Vihara allows visitors to witness the grandeur of a monumental stupa from the Polonnaruwa period and appreciate its architectural and historical significance. It offers a serene and peaceful environment for contemplation and reflection, while also providing insights into the religious practices and beliefs of ancient Sri Lanka.

Medirigiriya Vatadageya

Location: The Medirigiriya Vatadage is situated in Medirigiriya, which is approximately 40 kilometers east of Polonnaruwa.

Historical Significance: The Medirigiriya Vatadage dates back to the Anuradhapura period, which was a significant era in Sri Lankan history. The structure is believed to have been a place of religious worship and possibly enshrined a sacred relic.

Architectural Design: The Medirigiriya Vatadage is a circular shrine, commonly known as a vatadage, which was a distinctive architectural feature of ancient Sri Lankan Buddhist architecture. It consists of a raised circular platform supported by stone pillars. The outermost circle of pillars is now mostly ruined, but remnants can still be seen. The innermost circle contains four entrances, aligned with the cardinal directions.

Decorative Elements: The vatadage is adorned with decorative carvings, although some have been weathered over time. The carvings include floral motifs, lotus patterns, and guardian figures. The stone carvings showcase the artistic and craftsmanship skills of the ancient Sri Lankan artisans.

Spiritual Significance: The Medirigiriya Vatadage served as a place of religious worship and would have been a center for Buddhist rituals, ceremonies, and meditation. It would have been an important site for the local community to pay homage and engage in religious practices.

Visiting the Medirigiriya Vatadage offers a glimpse into the architectural and religious heritage of ancient Sri Lanka. It provides an opportunity to appreciate the craftsmanship of the ancient artisans and the spiritual significance of the site. The location also provides a serene and peaceful environment for visitors to explore and reflect on the historical and cultural richness of the region.

Nelum Pokuna

The Nelum Pokuna, also known as the Lotus Pond, is located within the ancient city of Polonnaruwa in Sri Lanka. It is situated near the Quadrangle, which is the central area of the archaeological site.

Architectural Feature: The Nelum Pokuna is a large ancient stone pond designed in the shape of a lotus flower. The pond is adorned with intricate stone carvings and has steps leading down to the water. The lotus shape represents its symbolic significance in Buddhism, symbolizing purity and enlightenment.

Purpose and Significance: The Nelum Pokuna served as a bathing pool for the monks who resided in the monastic complexes of the Polonnaruwa Kingdom. Monks would use the pond for ritualistic bathing and purification before engaging in religious activities. It was an essential component of the monastic lifestyle and played a significant role in the daily routines of the Buddhist clergy.

Architectural Style: The Nelum Pokuna showcases the advanced architectural skills and craftsmanship of the ancient Sri Lankan artisans. The intricate stone carvings and the attention to detail highlight the artistic finesse prevalent during the Polonnaruwa Kingdom.

Visiting the Nelum Pokuna in Polonnaruwa offers a glimpse into the architectural and cultural heritage of the Polonnaruwa Kingdom. It allows visitors to appreciate the craftsmanship of the ancient Sri Lankan artisans and provides an opportunity to connect with the religious and historical significance of the site within the context of the ancient kingdom.

Gal Potha stone inscription (Stone Book)

The Gal Potha is situated within the Quadrangle area of the archaeological site in Polonnaruwa. It is located near the famous Gal Viharaya.

Description: The Gal Potha is a massive stone slab that serves as a horizontal inscription. It measures about 9 meters (30 feet) in length and is believed to weigh around 25 tons. The slab is made of granite and is positioned on a stone platform.

Inscriptions: The Gal Potha features inscriptions written in ancient Sinhala script, known as “Brahmi script.” The inscriptions are attributed to King Nissanka Malla (1187-1196 AD) of the Polonnaruwa Kingdom. The text provides details about the king’s genealogy, his accomplishments, and the history of the kingdom.

Symbolism and Purpose: The Gal Potha is considered a monumental proclamation of the king’s achievements and serves as a testament to the glory of the Polonnaruwa Kingdom. It was likely meant to establish the king’s legitimacy, communicate his power and authority, and provide a historical record for future generations.

Artistic Elements: The Gal Potha is decorated with intricate carvings and decorative motifs. The edges of the slab feature a pattern resembling flames, while the central part displays a carved lotus motif. The carvings highlight the artistic skills prevalent during the Polonnaruwa period.

Visiting the Gal Potha allows visitors to observe a remarkable ancient stone inscription and gain insights into the history, culture, and achievements of the Polonnaruwa Kingdom. It stands as an important historical artifact, contributing to our understanding of Sri Lanka’s past and the significance of the Polonnaruwa era.

Sathmahal Prasada

The Sathmahal Prasadaya, also known as the Seven-Storey Building, is an architectural marvel built during the reign of King Parakramabahu the Great (1153-1186 AD). It is constructed entirely with bricks and takes the shape of a pyramid. The base of the building is square, measuring 35 feet on each side.

Unique Design: The Sathmahal Prasadaya has a distinctive seven-story design, with each level gradually decreasing in size as it reaches the top. The structure is believed to have served as a palace or a royal residence during ancient times

Unique Design: The Sathmahal Prasadaya has a distinctive seven-story design, with each level gradually decreasing in size as it reaches the top. The structure is believed to have served as a palace or a royal residence during ancient times.

Although the Sathmahal Prasadaya is now in ruins, some remnants of the original structure still exist, allowing visitors to appreciate its former grandeur and architectural significance.

Siva Devalaya No. 1 of Polonnaruwa

Siva Devalaya No. 1 in Polonnaruwa refers to a specific Hindu temple dedicated to Lord Shiva, located within the ancient city of Polonnaruwa in Sri Lanka. Siva Devalaya No. 1 exhibits the architectural style prevalent during the Polonnaruwa Kingdom. It features stone carvings, intricate sculptures, and decorative elements. The temple follows a typical Dravidian architectural style, which is common in South India and Sri Lanka.

Siva Devalaya No. 2 of Polonnaruwa

Siva Devalaya 02 is the oldest Hindu shrine found in the ancient city of Polonnaruwa. Siva Dewalaya-02 structure its history dates back to the brief Chola period when the Indian invaded the city. Siva Devalaya No.2 is very much similar in style to the Shiva Devalaya No.1. Its unique feature is that it is built entirely of stone which is why it still stands very much as it was initially built.

Archaeological Museum

The Archaeological Museum in Polonnaruwa is a museum that showcases and preserves the rich cultural and historical heritage of the ancient city of Polonnaruwa in Sri Lanka.

Collection: The museum houses a diverse collection of artifacts discovered during archaeological excavations in and around Polonnaruwa. The collection includes sculptures, statues, pottery, coins, inscriptions, and other archaeological finds that provide insights into the history, culture, and daily life of the Polonnaruwa Kingdom.

Exhibitions: The museum showcases these artifacts through well-curated exhibitions. The exhibits are designed to provide visitors with a chronological journey through the history of Polonnaruwa, highlighting the significant periods and developments of the ancient city.

Educational and Interpretive Displays: The museum offers educational displays and interpretive panels that provide context and information about the artifacts and the historical significance of Polonnaruwa. These displays help visitors understand the cultural and historical importance of the ancient city.

Conservation and Preservation: The Archaeological Museum in Polonnaruwa plays a crucial role in the conservation and preservation of the artifacts. It employs proper conservation techniques to safeguard the objects and ensure their long-term preservation for future generations.

Visiting the Archaeological Museum in Polonnaruwa provides an opportunity to delve into the history and cultural heritage of the ancient city. It allows visitors to appreciate the craftsmanship of ancient artisans and gain a deeper understanding of the Polonnaruwa Kingdom and its influence on Sri Lankan history.